This paper addresses two topics which essentially compliment each other. The first is the empirical investigation of the relationship between aggregate agricultural productivity and poverty in Pakistan through the course of time. The second is the estimation of the central inputs or determinants of agricultural production, again on an aggregate level and through time. The main empirical findings of this research suggest that increases in agricultural productivity have alleviated poverty in Pakistan but not to the extent to which the negative forces of a high population growth and increasing food prices have worsened its incidence. In the case of the determinants of agricultural productivity, the results show that accompanied with the size of the cropped area, fertiliser off-take has played the most significant and powerful role in increasing agricultural productivity through time in Pakistan, especially at the onset of the Green Revolution __ the introduction of High Yield Variety crops and seeds in the late sixties.
KEYWORDS: Agricultural productivity, rural poverty, Pakistan, alleviation of poverty.

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The crisis in East Asia has tempered the loud enthusiasm of many economists, magazines and multilateral institutions for unbridled international flows of capital. Since its start some prominent economists and financiers have expressed doubts that market mechanisms, left to themselves, necessarily end with a desirable outcome. Perhaps this is the first step to questioning whether free flows of capital between countries are desirable at all. Oddly enough, despite all that has been written in textbooks and journals extolling international capital flows and all the romanticisation of ‘globalisation’ in television advertisements, there appears to be no systematic examination of the gains and losses to be expected from them. One reason may be that economic theory, as it stands now, is ill suited to carrying out such an examination. International economic theory has two strands, the one to explain how trade in finished products and raw materials is determined by comparative advantages and the other, using quite separate assumptions, to explain the balance of payments. In the former it is assumed that capital flows are negligible, in the latter they do little more than accommodate trade imbalances. Neither address the question of what determines capital movements or what their effects might be.
KEYWORDS: Globalisation, market mechanisms, balance of payments, economic development, capital movements, trade barriers..

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The majority of Pakistani womanhood belongs to the silent, invisible peasantry in the rural areas. Essentially belonging to an underdeveloped region, the rural female toils relentlessly from morning till night. Her status is highly complex. In certain roles she is exalted; on other counts her very being is negated, which, when translated to human development indicators, depicts the profile of a woman with a very disadvantaged status, in fact, one of the lowest in the world. This study collects and collates data to present the profile of the rural female of Pakistan. It clearly shows that without concrete moves to do so, the mere acceptance and recognition of her contribution to society would do much to elevate her status. In Pakistan the role of the woman is strongly defined by religious and cultural/social norms. Due to illiteracy and misinterpretation, the latter is vastly perpetuated (UNESCAP 1997 p 3) under the garb of the former. There is “widespread misconception about the place Islam accords to women...” (Report of the Commission of Inquiry for Women 1997 p ii). Pakistan is a classic case where steady economic growth has not been accompanied by concurrent growth in the social sector. Within the confines of this phenomenon, the rural population suffers from inequitable distribution of resource availability and human development services. The condition of rural women is not hard to conceptualise, given the above circumstances.
KEYWORDS: Profile, Rural Woman, Pakistan.

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Is there a conflict between development on the one hand and democracy and/or human rights on the other? The issue began to be seriously examined some forty years ago1 and the controversy has simmered because there has been empirical evidence to indicate at least some shortterm validity to those who do see a conflict and press the primacy of growth. They take off from premises like Einstein’s, “An empty stomach makes a poor political adviser.” The controversy in recent years has not so much been for and against human rights as over which category of it should have precedence: civil and political rights or economic, social and cultural rights. Originally, the bill of rights had remained confined only to the first category. But after World War II, when the newly formed United Nations began to consider the need for a universal declaration and, later, for a binding covenant on the subject, inclusion of economic, social and cultural rights was vehemently and successfully argued, especially by the socialist bloc of countries. Later the issue even became an element in the cold war. While the West assumed the title of ‘Free World’ on the basis of its relative guarantees of civil and political rights, the East claimed credit for its primacy to economic rights. The developing countries too, unable or uninclined for various reasons and to varying degrees to accept international standards in guaranteeing the freedoms to their people, began when challenged to claim an overriding need to concentrate on the economic
KEYWORDS: controversy, democracy, growth, United Nations, economic, social and cultural rights.

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Prescription of a common syllabus for all children in Pakistan is the demand of social activists. The author feels that this is not a feasible proposal at this time as there is a huge gap between the life experiences in the two worlds that exist within Pakistan ---the world of the privileged and the world of the deprived. Children of the poor fail to develop certain essential pre-literacy skills (Zafarullah, 1996) and are therefore unable to compete with their more fortunate counterparts. These underprivileged children lack an orientation towards literacy: 1. They lack certain essential pre-literacy skills, 2. Their home language is different from the school language, 3. They lack the motivation to become literate. Privileged children, on the other hand, have few such shortcomings. In fact they are overly motivated, competent and competitive in the area of school learning. Hence, if we have a combined syllabus we will either have to downgrade the educational standard of the advanced children (bringing them down to the level of the backward children) or up-grade the disadvantaged children and take them closer to the level of their more fortunate counterparts. The second option is obviously more desirable. This paper briefly describes some of the methods employed by the researcher to rapidly upgrade under-privileged children before and during elementary schooling. These methods have been implemented and tested by teams led by the researcher and have proved dramatically successful.
KEYWORDS: Competition, Pakistan, economic growth.

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Some would claim that charity is a core cultural trait of mankind. The urge to help others is a selfish act of survival of the group and hence individual security. In today’s world, welfare has assumed a wider meaning and is linked with the economy of the state, the concept of human rights of society, structure of society and cultural expression of welfare. The state may be willing to contribute towards welfare but poor economic conditions may not allow welfare programmes or only allow low key programmes. With poor level of governance most welfare work comes to a standstill. In such situations the burden of poor economies can be shared by all rather than the poor alone. Human rights, as defined by the UN, impinge on the basic concept of welfare as seen by individual states. The right of all people to shelter, security, health, job, education as well as freedom to speak, associate and practice religion are concepts difficult to swallow for many societies and states. Social disparity may not allow many to grant rights to others. Yet social welfare is a practical arm of human rights and not an act of charity to be left to individual whims. In Islam, social welfare is the right of the underprivileged and not an act of charity extended by the state or individual. On the other hand the welfare of all the citizens of the state is vital for economic and social development. There are more than 94 indicators to measure social development. Each country’s performance in this area can be monitored following each intervention. Although social welfare had been debated by philosophers for a long time, it only became important after the Industrial Revolution in the 1840s. This was the time of the birth of modern cities with all its problems of communal living and compression of people into tight compartmental life, dynamics new to the first generation rural society. Since the Industrial Revolution started in England, the first city to cross the 2 million mark inhabitants a hundred years ago was London. The responsibilities of the new industrialised state was projected in the domain of social welfare of its people. Social welfare was the responsibility of the parish but with a large number of new towns, this became impractical. The Poor-Law Amendment Act was passed in 1834 and the Municipal Corporations Act in 1835. These were the basis of social welfare in the Britain of the future (Hill, 1997). Social welfare at the level of local government started in the middle of the 19th century West and emerged as a profession. Social welfare work in the hospital started in Massachusetts General Hospital, USA in 1905 (Morales and Sheafor, 1989). Social welfare departments in hospitals in Pakistan started in 1963. The Lahore Journal of Economics, Vol.3, No.1 106 The concept of a welfare state was introduced in the 1910 budget by David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill which was blocked in the House of Lords. In the USA Child Welfare was started in 1912 and social welfare was introduced during the Roosevelt era in 1935. The Social Security Act of 1935 was a significant landmark for the US. WH Beveridge (1879-1963), born in Rungpur, now Pakistan) is considered as the father of the modern welfare state when he produced the Beveridge Plan in 1944. The Beveridge Plan recommending war on Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor, and Idleness formed the basis of post war liberalism (Dean, 1994). It was after World War II that the Labour Government in Britain put the theories of social scientists into practice with great enthusiasm. It was a combination of “Keyesian economics and Beveridgean social concern that gave the welfare state its strong political legitimacy and popular appeal”. Health, education, housing, minimal wages, money for the unemployed, care of the handicapped and destitute were assured by the state.
KEYWORDS: economy, cultural expression, welfare, Human rights, UN.

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The fifth decennial population Census was held after 17 years and its data is now being processed. Originally the Census was scheduled to be held in March 1991. The exercise had been actually initiated that year from Sindh but was soon abandoned when two major ethnic groups in the province started accusing each other of resorting to false enumeration in order to achieve a fake majority in the province. Some of the prominent Punjabi politicians also objected that the head count figures in Sindh were being engineered in order to stake claims to more resources for the province at the expense of other federal units. The Census was postponed in view of the objections and it was announced that the exercise would be undertaken in October the same year. This time the Balochistan government announced that it would reject the Census results if thousands of Afghan refugees living in the province, many among whom had acquired fake Pakistani identity cards, were not first repatriated to their own country. As the federal government failed to do this, the Census had to be postponed without any new date being fixed.
KEYWORDS: Census Problems, Pakistan, Afghan refugees, Punjabi politicians, NWFP, PKMAP.

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In any economic system, be it a free market or a command economy, the elementary functions of production, distribution and consumption take place within the natural world. The natural world provides the raw materials and the energy inputs for the production process whereas production and consumption leave “residuals” or waste products which go back into nature. The manner in which the residuals are handled will infact tell us how they may lead to pollution or the degradation of the natural environment. (a) explains nature in its role as a product of raw materials and (b) explains what the impact of residuals is on the natural world. Therefore we can see that environmental economics draws from two angles. Primarily it is the study of waste flow management and secondly, it studies the impacts of human activity on environmental resources. Thus one’s misconception of environmental problems only being constrained to pollution are removed. Infact, environmental economics focuses not only on pollution oriented problems but also looks at issues such as habitat disruption caused by human activities in an economic system. A good example of this is a housing development scheme which will disrupt the natural habitat and at the same time bring an array of problems such as sanitation, house waste disposal, etc. Analysing the environment from the perspective of an economic system we have to establish how this
KEYWORDS: Environment, Economic Systems, pollution, nature, resources, environmental problems.

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Tariq Banuri, Shahrukh Rafi Khan and Moazam Mahmood (ed.), Just Development: Beyond Adjustment with a Human Face, Karachi, Oxford University Press, 1997. Pp. 207. Price not mentioned. The Oxford series of books published on the occasion of the golden jubilee of Pakistan’s independence constitute a welcome and high quality addition to material on various facets of life in the country. “Just Development” reviews Pakistan’s development from the human angle and looks at the structural adjustment programme, debating whether it is possible to have “adjustment with a human face”. Perhaps the most enduring element of our development strategies has been the relegation of social objectives to low priority and the consequent neglect of social sectors. This has been as true of decades of high growth – 1960s and 1980s – as of those of low growth – 1950s, 1970s and 1990s. Why?
KEYWORDS: golden jubilee, Pakistan’s independence, constitute, human face, government, bureaucracy.

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S.M. Burke and Salim Al-Din Quraishi, Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, his personality and his politics, Karachi, Oxford University Press pp 412 Rs. 495/-. A convincing vindication of the Quaid’s Conversion from Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity to founding father of Pakistan. A book which most Pakistanis have been waiting for for the past five years or so, has at last been published by The Oxford University Press, Karachi (1997) as part of their Jubilee Series. A dispassionate study of the Quaid’s life and his personality illustrates that he was a luminary in three different walks of life. Firstly, as one of undivided India’s renowned legal practitioners; secondly, one of it’s leading legislators and, thirdly, as one of it’s leading politicians. It is universally recognised that the Quaid attained not only world stature, but won a permanent place in world history. Through his dynamic and inspiring leadership, he not only won independence from the then British colonial rule, but had the sole distinction of altering the world map by carving into existence the largest Muslim state of its time in the comity of nations – bigger than the United Kingdom and France put together. It is the role of a leading politician which this latest publication principally deals with.
KEYWORDS: Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, personality illustrates, legal practitioners, legislators, politicians.

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Rafi Raza, (Ed.), Pakistan in Perspective, 1947-1997, Oxford University Press, 1997. pp. 320. This is undoubtedly a most useful, updated collection of articles on various aspects of the Pakistani canvas. It is a valuable contribution given the relative paucity of material and literature on such topics. Aside from the somewhat tedious chapter on foreign policy, tiresome by virtue mainly of its bulk (stretching over a total of about a hundred pages in its entirety), the articles make for interesting and refreshing reading for not merely the specialist but the layperson as well. If length is any indication of importance, then surely it is a case of misplaced priorities to have given so much space to a subject such as foreign policy and, in comparison, the pieces on such vitally crucial issues as population planning and human rights are allocated, for whatever reason, a considerably less quantum of space in the book.
KEYWORDS: Book review, Pakistan, economic development, human rights.

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Pakistan’s economic reforms that were set in motion in 1991 rest on the tripod of privatisation, domestic deregulation and trade liberalisation. A critical component for strengthening the reforms and improving their effectiveness will be the availability and quality of human resources for accelerating industrial growth. This paper, therefore, attempts to: a) Review the success of Pakistan's vocational and technical education institutions in satisfying the market demand for various skills. b) Based on these assessments, identify the key constraints to the availability of technical skills and make recommendations on how the government can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of training arrangements.
KEYWORDS: Technical training, vocational training, labour demand, workforce, manpower, public sector, public sector training.

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This is a conceptual paper on the analytics of the phenomena of economic corruption. And it is very much a working paper, begging comments. The paper concentrates on what appears on first reflection a redundant question -what is the impact of corruption? The almost knee jerk answer is loss of income. However, when modelling economic corruption we run into the problems of determining the questions of: loss of income for whom - the principal, the agent, the state, the consumer, the economy? - how? and by how much?
KEYWORDS: Corruption, macroeconomy, macroeconomics, comprehensive model, analysis.

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The governance of an institution is normally partly ensured by other institutions, which depend on yet other institutions for their governance. But who ultimately guards the guardians? For the liberal electoral democracies of Europe and America the answer that evolved from the political thought of the eighteenth century and the limited liability joint stock company of the nineteenth was, crudely put, checks and balances and voters, who could be the electorate or shareholders. Its limitation is that it presupposes a state and the right of the voters to vote in their own interest. How, then, can good governance be ensured for international organisations, especially the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, in which the representatives of the developed countries hold the majority of the votes on the Boards and are expected to cast them, not in their own immediate interests, but in the long term interest of the developing countries that borrow from these institutions?
KEYWORDS: World Bank, governance, institutional governance, reorganisation, reform, internal organisation.

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This paper is the first systematic attempt at understanding the nature and extent of hazards faced by child workers in the construction and related industries, which perhaps are not only growing more rapidly but have far greater hazards than any other set of occupations in which children are employed.
KEYWORDS: Child labour, child worker, education, hazard, Pakistan, working conditions.

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Pakistan experienced the reverberations starting in 1988 of the changes that swept the Asian emerging markets. To create an investment friendly environment the GoP adopted liberal economic policies of deregulation, privatisation, opening of capital markets to foreigners, liberalisation of foreign exchange regulations and dismantling of investment control - policies that lead to a significant increase in direct and indirect foreign investment in the country. These changes resulted in a drastic increase in the financial assets of Pakistan with stock market capitalisation rising from Rs.l88 bn in 1991 to Rs.547 bn at present, daily trading volume improving from 2 mn shares in 1991 to 50 mn shares at present and number of listed companies rising from 542 in 1991 to 788 at present.
KEYWORDS: Capital markets, domestic market capitalisation, investment, mutual fund investment, Pakistan.

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In 1995 the Republic of Korea (ROK) was officially admitted to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This organisation groups together industrially developed countries of the world. Recently, the World Bank has also released a study of China that predicts that China is going to become the second biggest economy in the next fifteen years if its economic growth follows the pattern of the last fifteen years. ROK is the only country from among the developing countries to join the ranks of the developed industrialised countries in the last thirty years. However, it is still a small country compared to China. Hence when China completes its transformation into an industrialised country the whole world will be affected. How did South Korea achieve such an accelerated transition to prosperity? What measures were adopted by the Chinese leadership that has allowed China to grow so rapidly? There are many factors that have been cited to explain Korea's miracle, and rapid Chinese growth. However, In the following we will highlight the role that education, science and research and development (R&D) have played in their success.
KEYWORDS: South Korea, ROK, GDP, OECD, research and development, R & D, investment.

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This article will attempt to answer the question why the redistribution of land ownership (i.e. land reform) is important and even necessary for our society's progress and development. Why there remains a crying need to concretely study the question of agrarian land ownership and all it implies in terms of political and economic power distribution and its social fallout in the rural milieu. Let us begin with an examination of how the present land ownership patterns originated and evolved. A discussion of the pattern of agrarian land ownership must necessarily take as its main focus the areas where agriculture is the mainstay. That inevitably means the provinces of Punjab and Sindh. The other two provinces, NWFP and Balochistan, with the exception of some relatively limited areas where canal fed or barani cultivation exists, have economies that are mixed pastoral/agricultural, an economic base reflective of their surviving tribal structures.
KEYWORDS: Land Reform, land ownership, agrarian reforms, Pakistan, economic distribution.

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Child labour exists throughout the third world including Pakistan. For some unknown reason, the Western Press has chosen to single out Pakistan to decry the system. The May 1997 issue of the Readers’ Digest carried a particularly vicious article entitled `No Life for a Child’ giving harrowing tales of beatings and other forms of coercion to make little children in Pakistan to work in factories. Advantage is taken of the fact that there has been no census in the country for two decades to bloat the figures of child labour. One estimate going the rounds is 15 million. But the more popular figure is 8 million which both UNICEF and SAARC have adopted. ILO produced a figure of 6.3 million till, in 1996 it sponsored a survey which turned up the figure of 3.3 million. In a country with a population of 132 million, every man, woman and child of which is under a debt burden of about Rs 13,021 per annum the figure of 3.3 million labouring children should not take anyone by surprise. Not that this is any justification for child labour.
KEYWORDS: Child Labour, welfare, enforcement, ILO, UNICEF, social welfare, education.

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Policy formulation and implementation are the chief, though not the only, business of a modern government, implying exercise of its power. In a democracy the people themselves grant permission to the government to exercise power in their name. Thus through the democratic process power is transformed into legitimate authority. However, there is a feeling that a policy, formulated through due procedures at the highest echelons of the government, is sometimes not implemented in the same spirit or in the same way as was originally intended by the policy makers. Thus there If need to locate and identify the points where such lapses take place.
KEYWORDS: Policy formulation, policy implementation, political leadership, administrative leadership.

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